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This video explores the relationship between “righteousness” (dao yi) and “the ruler” within Confucian thought, extending to issues of personal loyalty and social ethics. It begins by explaining the Confucian core principle of “righteousness above the ruler,” meaning that even if a ruler acts against righteousness, Confucian scholars should uphold truth rather than blindly conform. The video then illustrates this principle’s practice and limitations through historical figures and examples, such as Yi Yin, Confucius, Sima Guang, and Wang Anshi.
The analysis also covers the application of the “teacher, friend, minister” model in ruler-subject relationships, emphasizing that the “righteousness above the ruler” principle is challenging to fully realize in practice, often leading to conflicts and dilemmas between loyalty and choice. Using the contrasting views of Sima Guang and Wang Anshi as examples, the video delves into concepts of personal loyalty, social order, and commitment to a single ideal, highlighting how the Confucian tradition of “careful choice” impacts individuals.